Keywords
How to Cite
Abstract
Christian doctrine developed during the early centuries of the Common Era. At that time, Christians were persecuted by the Roman Empire and expressed their beliefs through symbolic images such as the shepherd, the fish, and the dove. By the fourth century, when the Roman Empire adopted Christianity, religious symbols began to appear openly in art. The fourth-century frescoes in the Roman catacombs are among the earliest examples of Christian art. The article examines the influence of Christian doctrine on world art, including the formation of early Christian art, the development of iconography, and the expression of religious ideas in Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic art. From the fifth and sixth centuries onward, symbolic images gradually gave way to figurative representations of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and angels. During the Renaissance, Christian imagery was reinterpreted through a humanistic perspective. Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Botticelli made major contributions to religious art, with works like The Last Supper serving as key examples. At the same time, church decoration and architecture flourished, leading to the spread of styles such as Gothic, Basilica, Romanesque, and Baroque.
References
1. Anastasia, D. (2013). Byzantine Iconography: History and Symbolism. London: Routledge. 280 s.
2. Aiden, H. (2024). Icons in Eastern Orthodoxy: Tradition and Theology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 320 s.
3. Belting, H. (1994). Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image Before the Era of Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 576 s.
4. Christian, H. (2012). Symbols of Early Christianity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 245 s.
5. Daniel, K. (2007). Renaissance Art and Christian Symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 330 s.
6. Didron, A. N. (1886). Christian Iconography. Paris: Didier et Cie. 450 s.
7. Eusebius, C. (2006). Church History. Translated by C. F. Cruse. Peabody: Hendrickson. 560 s.
8. Gage, J. (1999). Color and Meaning: Art, Science, and Symbolism. Berkeley: University of California Press. 304 s.
9. Grabar, A. (1957). Christian Iconography: A Study of Its History and Meaning. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 410 s.
10. Hall, J. (2008). Dictionary of Subjects and Symbols in Art. New York: Harper & Row. 512 s.
11. Jensen, R. M. (2000). Understanding Early Christian Art. London: Routledge. 288 s.
12. Kitzinger, E. (1977). Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art. London: Faber & Faber. 340 s.
13. Lance, S. O. (1994). The Johannine Works: Gnostic Influences and Christian Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 275 s.
14. Martin, J., & Ostwalt, C. (1995). Screening the Sacred: Religion, Myth, and Ideology in Popular American Film. Boulder: Westview Press. 300 s.
15. Marsh, C., & Ortiz, J. (1997). Religious Themes in Modern Cinema. New York: Continuum. 280 s.
16. Martens, M. (2011). Nubian Wall Paintings and Early Christian Iconography. Leiden: Brill. 360 s.
17. Pfeiffer, C. (2003). Christian Art: Its Meaning and Role in Society. London: SPCK Publishing. 298 s.
18. Pelikan, J. (1990). The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Volume 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 472 s.
19. Panofsky, E. (1972). Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art. New York: Harper & Row. 550 s.
20. Smart, N. (1998). The World’s Religions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 400 s.
21. Vincenzo, F. N. (2019). Catacomb Art of Early Christianity. Rome: Pontifical Institute. 312 s.
22. Zananari, G. (1993). Christian Iconography in the Middle Ages. Milan: Electa. 360 s.
23. Agus, S. (2015). Symbolism in Renaissance Paintings. Florence: Giunti Editore. 280 s.
24. Daniel, K. (2007). Visual Metaphor in Christian Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 315 s.
25. G. P. Goold. (2007). Augustan History: Lives of the Emperors. London: Loeb Classical Library. 640 s.