Development of World Pedagogy in the Second Half of the 19th Century and the 20th Century. The Pedagogical Heritage of K.D. Ushinsky.

Abstract

This article analyzes the development of world pedagogy in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century from historical, theoretical, and methodological perspectives. The article describes the formation of pedagogy as an independent scientific discipline, and how socio-economic and political changes, the industrial revolution, urbanization, and state policies aimed at developing public education influenced the evolution of pedagogical thought. Furthermore, the article analyzes the main pedagogical views, educational system reforms, person-centered education, humanistic pedagogy, and democratic principles that emerged in European and world pedagogical thought during the 19th and 20th centuries. The issues of didactic principles in the processes of education and upbringing, systematic mastery of educational materials, active cooperation between teacher and student, as well as the connection of the pedagogical process with life, are revealed on a scientific basis.