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Abstract
Over the past three decades, India has emerged as one of the most dynamic national innovation systems (NIS) among developing economies. This article examines the structural characteristics of the development of India’s NIS, with a particular focus on information technology and digital innovation. A mixed qualitative-quantitative methodology is employed, including policy analysis, bibliometric review, and comparative analysis of indicator indices (2000–2024). Four major stages in the evolution of the NIS are identified, and institutional, financial, and human capital indicators are evaluated. The findings demonstrate that India has achieved global competitiveness in the IT services sector and digital public infrastructure; however, disparities remain in R&D investment, regional distribution of innovators, and commercialization of research outcomes.
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