Abstract
The 12-month effectiveness of follow-up without structured education, traditional offline education, and a combined “Diabetes School” model was compared in 216 patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Combined education provided the most sustained improvements in knowledge, self-management, treatment adherence, HbA1c, quality of life, and fear of hypoglycemia. Severe hypoglycemia and diabetic ketoacidosis were numerically less frequent in the combined group, although between-group differences were not statistically significant. Based on the findings, a practical algorithm incorporating periodic monitoring and targeted re-education was proposed.
References
1. Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults: ADA/EASD consensus report. Diabetologia. 2021; 64:2609–2652.
2. de Bock M, Codner E, Craig ME, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Glycemic targets and glucose monitoring. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022; 23:1270–1276.
3. Gregory JW, Cameron FJ, Joshi K, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: Diabetes in adolescence. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022; 23:857–871.
4. Ispriantari A, Agustina R, Konlan KD, Lee H. Family-centered interventions for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Child Health Nurs Res. 2023; 29:7–23.
5. Alzawahreh S, Ozturk C. Improving self-efficacy, quality of life, and glycemic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. JMIR Form Res. 2024;8:e64463.