THE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE EASTERN QASHQADARYA BEKLIKS WITHIN THE BUKHARA EMIRATE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH THE BEKLIKS OF THE SURKHAN OASIS (Second Half of the 19th Century — Early 20th Century)

Abstract

This article analyzes the religious titles and positions that existed within the state administration system of the Emirate of Bukhara, as well as their powers and the role of religious representatives in the social and political life of the state. It examines the activities of religious officials such as Shaykh al-Islam, Qazi-Kalan, qadi, mufti, a'lam, qadi askar, rais, muhtasib, mudarris, and imam. Particular attention is paid to their participation in the judicial and legal system, religious education, maintenance of public order, and implementation of Sharia norms. Based on historical sources and scholarly studies, the article reveals the role of the religious establishment in its interaction with state authorities. It concludes that religious representatives played an important role not only in religious and educational spheres, but also in the system of state administration and social life of the Emirate of Bukhara.