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Abstract
This article analyzes the historical significance of the city of Isfijab (modern-day Sayram), which served as one of the most vital strategic, military, and commercial hubs of Mawarannahr during the Middle Ages, based on Arabic sources. Drawing upon the works of medieval geographers such as Ibn Hawqal, al-Maqdisi, and al-Istakhri, the study highlights the city's unique architectural structure, its defense systems, and its role in regional military campaigns. Furthermore, the reasons behind Isfijab’s designation as "Madinat al-Bayda" (the White City) are presented and elaborated upon
References
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