How to Cite
Abstract
Brain tumors are among the most complex problems of modern medicine and neuro-oncology. A special place among them is occupied by glioblastoma — the most aggressive form of primary malignant tumors of the central nervous system, characterized by rapid infiltrative growth, high molecular heterogeneity, and pronounced resistance to therapy. Despite advances in surgical methods, radiation therapy, and drug treatment, the prognosis of the disease remains unfavorable, and the median survival rate of patients remains limited. This paper discusses modern approaches to the treatment of brain tumors, including surgical resection, chemoradiotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, Tumor Treating Fields technology, mechanisms of drug resistance, as well as the prospects of personalized medicine and nanomedicine. Special attention is given to the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor resistance to therapy and innovative drug delivery systems capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier.
References
1. Li J, et al. Nanoparticle drug delivery system for glioma: a comprehensive review. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020. PMID: 32368041.
2. Luo H, et al. Blood-brain barrier modulation to improve glioma drug delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2020. PMID: 33198244.
3. Madani F, et al. Polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery in glioblastoma. J Control Release. 2022. PMID: 35878729.
4. Kumar N, et al. Nose-to-brain drug delivery for glioblastoma. Pharm Dev Technol. 2023. PMID: 37975846.
5. Hao X, et al. Exosomes as drug delivery systems in glioma immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology. 2024. PMID: 38890722.
6. Yan X, et al. Polyamidoamine dendrimers in glioma therapy. Polymers (Basel). 2024. PMID: 39065339.
7. Sahoo L, et al. Advancements in nanotheranostics for glioma therapy. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025. PMID: 39480526.
8. Firuzpour F, et al. Nanocarriers in glioblastoma treatment. Rev Neurosci. 2024. PMID: 39733347.
9. Sun B, et al. Brain-targeting drug delivery systems for glioblastoma. Mater Today Bio. 2025. PMID: 39866779.
10. Qu M, et al. Nanomaterial-based brain-targeted delivery systems for glioblastoma therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2025. PMID: 40353316.
11. Si JX, et al. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems for brain tumors. Int J Oncol. 2025. PMID: 40849813.
12. Li C, et al. Natural polysaccharides in drug delivery systems for brain glioma therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2025. PMID: 40848446.
13. Ma P, et al. Novel drug delivery systems for glioma therapy. Front Pharmacol. 2025. PMID: 40918539.
14. Frosina G. Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to high-grade gliomas. Nanomedicine. 2016. PMID: 26767516.
15. Farooq M, et al. Nanomedicine in glioblastoma treatment: systematic review. Brain Sci. 2023. PMID: 38137175.
16. Stupp R, et al. Radiotherapy plus temozolomide for glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005. PMID: 15758009.
17. Louis DN, et al. WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol. 2016. PMID: 27157931.
18. Wen PY, et al. Glioblastoma in adults. N Engl J Med. 2020. PMID: 32469186.
19. Tan AC, et al. Management of glioblastoma: state of the art. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020. PMID: 32060962.
20. Ostrom QT, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain tumors. Neuro Oncol. 2021. PMID: 34048275.
21. Hambardzumyan D, et al. The role of microenvironment in glioblastoma. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016. PMID: 27349836.
22. Jackson CM, et al. Immunotherapy for brain cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019. PMID: 30478366.
23. Lim M, et al. Current state of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018. PMID: 29559780.
24. Choi BD, et al. CAR T-cell therapy for glioblastoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019. PMID: 31249372.
25. Schalper KA, et al. Neoadjuvant nivolumab in glioblastoma. Nat Med. 2019. PMID: 30742122.
26. Patel AP, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq in glioblastoma. Science. 2014. PMID: 24925914.
27. Neftel C, et al. Cellular states in glioblastoma. Cell. 2019. PMID: 31303336.
28. Verhaak RGW, et al. Integrated genomic analysis of glioblastoma. Cancer Cell. 2010. PMID: 20129251.
29. Brennan CW, et al. The somatic genomic landscape of glioblastoma. Cell. 2013. PMID: 24120142.
30. Ceccarelli M, et al. Molecular profiling of diffuse glioma. Cell. 2016. PMID: 26824661.
31. Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive genomic characterization of glioblastoma. Nature. 2008. PMID: 18772890.
32. Parsons DW, et al. Mutations in glioblastoma multiforme. Science. 2008. PMID: 18772396.
33. Yan H, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2009. PMID: 19369666.
34. Dang L, et al. Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations. Nature. 2009. PMID: 19935646.
35. Turcan S, et al. IDH mutation and glioma methylator phenotype. Nature. 2012. PMID: 22699398.
36. Quail DF, et al. Microenvironment in glioblastoma. Nat Med. 2017. PMID: 28414330.
37. Poon CC, et al. Targeting glioblastoma microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021. PMID: 33627800.
38. Jain RK, et al. Anti-angiogenesis therapy in glioblastoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014. PMID: 24323093.
39. Batchelor TT, et al. Bevacizumab in glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2013. PMID: 23984729.
40. Gilbert MR, et al. Bevacizumab for newly diagnosed glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2014. PMID: 24552317.
41. Stupp R, et al. Tumor treating fields in glioblastoma. JAMA. 2015. PMID: 26670971.
42. Stupp R, et al. Maintenance therapy with tumor-treating fields. JAMA. 2017. PMID: 29260225.
43. Alexander BM, et al. Glioblastoma clinical trials landscape. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021. PMID: 33479334.
44. Touat M, et al. Mechanisms of resistance in glioblastoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020. PMID: 32157252.
45. Lee SY. Temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma. Genes Dis. 2016. PMID: 30258841.
46. Bastiancich C, et al. Nanomedicine strategies for glioblastoma. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016. PMID: 26993548.
47. Saraiva C, et al. Nanoparticle-mediated brain drug delivery. J Control Release. 2016. PMID: 27085617.
48. Teleanu DM, et al. Nanomedicine in brain tumors. Pharmaceutics. 2019. PMID: 31766333.
49. Blanco E, et al. Principles of nanoparticle design for cancer therapy. Nat Biotechnol. 2015. PMID: 25710234.
50. Shi J, et al. Cancer nanomedicine: progress and future perspectives. Nat Rev Cancer. 2017. PMID: 28138170.
51. Mi Y, et al. Nanoparticle targeting of brain tumors. Nat Rev Mater. 2020. PMID: 32999620.
52. Tosi G, et al. Nanomedicine strategies for crossing the blood-brain barrier. J Control Release. 2013. PMID: 23537932.
53. Patel T, et al. Nanoparticle strategies for drug delivery to brain tumors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013. PMID: 23810326.
54. Kreuter J. Nanoparticles for brain delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014. PMID: 24269256.
55. Gao H. Progress and perspectives on targeting nanoparticles for brain tumors. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2016. PMID: 27471663.
56. Tzeng SY, et al. Immunotherapy nanomedicine for brain tumors. Nat Nanotechnol. 2018. PMID: 30305648.
57. Chen Y, et al. Nanotechnology approaches for glioblastoma therapy. ACS Nano. 2017. PMID: 28266812.
58. Fang RH, et al. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018. PMID: 29662176.
59. Guo S, et al. Nanotechnology in cancer treatment. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019. PMID: 30647432.
60. Li Z, et al. Emerging nanomedicine approaches in glioblastoma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2021. PMID: 33868936.